API - Medoo

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Where Syntax

where

Query

Aggregation

Fetch

PDO object

Debug

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version: 2.1.12

select

Select data from the table.

select($table, $columns)

table [string]
The table name.
columns [string/array]
The target columns of data will be fetched.

select($table, $columns, $where)

table [string]
The table name.
columns [string/array]
The target columns of data will be fetched.
where (optional) [array]
The WHERE clause to filter records.

select($table, $join, $columns, $where)

table [string]
The table name.
join [array]
Table relativity for tables. Ignore it if no table joining is required.
columns [string/array]
The target columns of data will be fetched.
where (optional) [array]
The WHERE clause to filter records.

Return: [array]

You can use * as a columns parameter to fetch all columns, but we recommended providing all targeted columns for better performance and readability.

$data = $database->select("account", [
	"user_name",
	"email"
], [
	"user_id[>]" => 100
]);

// $data = array(
//  [0] => array(
//	  "user_name" => "foo",
//	  "email" => "foo@bar.com"
//  ),
//  [1] => array(
//	  "user_name" => "cat",
//	  "email" => "cat@dog.com"
//  )
// )

foreach($data as $item) {
	echo "user_name:" . $item["user_name"] . " - email:" . $item["email"] . "<br/>";
}

// Select all columns.
$data = $database->select("account", "*");

// Select a column.
$data = $database->select("account", "user_name");

// $data = array(
//  [0] => "foo",
//  [1] => "cat"
// )

Traverse fetch with callback

While fetching data from a database, data will be first loaded into memory as an array variable and output back to the frontend.

If fetching a large amount of data from a database, the memory will be exhausted.

When passing the callback closure function ($data) {} as the last parameter for select(), it will output each data immediately without loading it into memory. That will be having a better performance for loading large amounts of data.

$database->select("account", ["name"], function ($data) {
	echo $data["name"];
});

$database->select("account", [
	"name"
], function ($data) {
	echo $data["name"];
});

Performance Benchmark

Fetching 1,000, 5,000 and 20,000 different name data from MySQL database, and output it. Get memory usage via memory_get_usage().

// Method 1
$database->select("account", ["name"], function ($data) {
	echo $data["name"];
});

// vs

// Method 2
$data = $database->select("account", ["name"]);

foreach ($data as $item) {
	echo $item["name"];
}

	Method 1	Method 2
1,000 Records	789 KB	1.2 MB
5,000 Records	1.1 MB	3.3 MB
20,000 Records	2.26 MB	11.1 MB

Table joining

SQL JOIN clause can combine rows between two tables. Medoo provides a simple syntax for the JOIN clause.

[>] ==> LEFT JOIN
[<] ==> RIGHT JOIN
[<>] ==> FULL JOIN
[><] ==> INNER JOIN

$database->select("post", [
	// Here is the table relativity argument that tells the relativity between the table you want to join.
	"[>]account" => ["author_id" => "user_id"]
], [
	"post.title",
	"account.city"
]);

The row author_id from the table post is equal to the row user_id from the table account.

"[>]account" => ["author_id" => "user_id"]

LEFT JOIN "account" ON "post"."author_id" = "account"."user_id"

The row user_id from the table post is equal to the row user_id from the table album.

This is a shortcut to declare relativity if the row names are the same in both tables.

"[>]album" => "user_id"

LEFT JOIN "album" USING ("user_id")

post.user_id is equal photo.user_id and post.avatar_id is equal photo.avatar_id

Like above, there are two rows or more that are the same in both tables.

"[>]photo" => ["user_id", "avatar_id"]

LEFT JOIN "photo" USING ("user_id", "avatar_id")

If you want to join the same table with different values, you have to assign the table with an alias.

"[>]account (replier)" => ["replier_id" => "user_id"]

LEFT JOIN "account" AS "replier" ON "post"."replier_id" = "replier"."user_id"

You can refer to the previously joined table by adding the table name before the column.

"[>]account" => ["author_id" => "user_id"],
"[>]album" => ["account.user_id" => "user_id"]

LEFT JOIN "account" ON "post"."author_id" = "account"."user_id"
LEFT JOIN "album" ON "account"."user_id" = "album"."user_id"

Multiple Conditions

"[>]account" => [
	"author_id" => "user_id",
	"album.user_id" => "user_id"
]

LEFT JOIN "account" ON
"account"."author_id" = "account"."user_id" AND
"album"."user_id" = "account"."user_id"

Additional Condition

"[>]comment" => [
	"author_id" => "user_id",
	"AND" => [
		"rate[>]" => 50
	]
]

LEFT JOIN "comment" ON "account"."author_id" = "comment"."user_id" AND "rate" > 50

Join with Raw Object

"[>]account" => Medoo::raw("ON <post.author_id> = <account.user_id>")

LEFT JOIN "account" ON "post"."author_id" = "account"."user_id"

Data Mapping

Customize output data construction - The key name for wrapping data has no relation to columns themselves, and it is multidimensional.

$data = $database->select("post", [
	"[>]account" => ["user_id"]
], [
	"post.content",

	"userData" => [
		"account.user_id",
		"account.email",

		"meta" => [
			"account.location",
			"account.gender"
		]
	]
], [
	"LIMIT" => [0, 2]
]);

echo json_encode($data);

[{
	content: "Hello world!",
	userData: {
		user_id: "1",
		email: "foo@example.com",
		meta: {
			location: "New York",
			gender: "male"
		}
	}
}, {
	content: "Hey everyone",
	userData: {
		user_id: "2",
		email: "bar@example.com",
		meta: {
			location: "London",
			gender: "female"
		}
	}
}]

Index Mapping

Setting the column as the first key name of the column parameter, the result will be indexed by this name.

$data = $database->select("post", [
	"user_id" => [
		"nickname",
		"location",
		"email"
	]
]);

[
	10: {
		nickname: "foo",
		location: "New York",
		email: "foo@example.com"
	},
	12: {
		nickname: "bar",
		location: "New York",
		email: "bar@medoo.in"   
	}
]

Data Type Declaration

Set the type of output data.

// Supported data type: [String | Bool | Int | Number | Object | JSON]
// [String] is the default type for all output data.
// [Object] is a PHP object data decoded by serialize(), and will be unserialize()
// [JSON] is a valid JSON, and will be json_decode()

$data = $database->select("post", [
	"[>]account" => ["user_id"]
], [
	"post.post_id",

	"profile" => [
		"account.age [Int]",
		"account.is_locked [Bool]",
		"account.userData [JSON]"
	]
]);

echo json_encode($data);

[{
	post_id: "1",
	profile: {
		age: 20,
		is_locked: true,
		userData: ["foo", "bar", "tim"]
	}
}, {
	post_id: "2",
	profile: {
		age: 25,
		is_locked: false,
		userData: ["mydata1", "mydata2"]
	}
}]

// Store an object in the database, and get it back.
class Foo {
	var $bar = "cat";

	public function __wakeup()
	{
		$this->bar = "dog";
	}
}

$object_data = new Foo();

$database->insert("account", [
	"data" => $object_data
]);

$data = $database->select("account", [
	"data [object]"
]);

echo $data[0]["data"]->bar;

// The object\'s __wakeup function will be called and update the value.
// So the output will be "dog".
"dog"

Alias

You can use the alias as a new column or table name instead of the original one. This is useful for table joining to prevent name conflict.

$data = $database->select("account", [
	"user_id",
	"nickname (my_nickname)"
]);

// $data = array(
//  [0] => array(
//	  "user_id" => "1",
//	  "my_nickname" => "foo"
//  ),
//  [1] => array(
//	  "user_id" => "2",
//	  "my_nickname" => "bar"
//  )
// )

$data = $database->select("post (content)", [
	"[>]account (user)" => "user_id",
], [
	"content.user_id (author_id)",
	"user.user_id"
]);

// $data = array(
//  [0] => array(
//	  "author_id" => "1",
//	  "user_id" => "321"
//  ),
//  [1] => array(
//	  "author_id" => "2",
//	  "user_id" => "322"
//  )
// )

SELECT
	"content"."user_id" AS author_id,
	"user"."user_id"
FROM
	"post" AS "content"
LEFT JOIN "account" AS "user" USING ("user_id")

Distinct

To add a distinct keyword to the column, you can put @ in front of the column name in any order.

$data = $database->select("account", [
	"id",
	"name",
	// The location with the @ sign will pop up to the top.
	"@location"
]);

SELECT DISTINCT "location","id","name"
FROM "account"

To get the count number with distinct, you can use it with the raw object.

$data = $database->select("account", [
	"unique_locations" => Medoo::raw("COUNT(DISTINCT <location>)")
]);

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT "location") AS "unique_locations"
FROM "account"

Get Started

Upgrade

Where Syntax

Query

Aggregation

Fetch

Transaction

Management

Advanced

Raw object

PDO object

Debug

Information

select

table [string]

columns [string/array]

table [string]

columns [string/array]

where (optional) [array]

table [string]

join [array]

columns [string/array]

where (optional) [array]

Traverse fetch with callback

Performance Benchmark

Table joining

Multiple Conditions

Additional Condition

Join with Raw Object

Data Mapping

Index Mapping

Data Type Declaration

Alias

Distinct